VOR

VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) is a type of short-range radio navigation system that enables aircraft to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons.

Key characteristics:

• Operates on frequencies between 108.0 and 117.95 MHz
• Provides 360 radials (magnetic bearings) from the station
• Typical range: 25–130 nautical miles depending on altitude and terrain
• Often co-located with DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) to form VOR/DME stations

Pilots use VOR for en-route navigation, instrument approaches, and defining airways. A VORTAC combines VOR with military TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation), providing both azimuth and distance information to civilian and military aircraft.

While VOR networks are being gradually reduced as GNSS/GPS becomes the primary navigation standard, many VORs will be retained as a backup navigation infrastructure (Minimum Operational Network).