Aerobatics

Aerobatics refers to the practice of performing intentional flight maneuvers that involve unusual attitudes — attitudes beyond those required for normal flight. These include loops, rolls, spins, hammerheads, Immelmann turns, and Cuban eights, among many others.

Aerobatic flight requires specially certified aircraft built to withstand load factors typically between +6G and -3G. Pilots must hold specific endorsements or ratings, and aerobatic maneuvers are generally restricted to designated aerobatic areas or competition boxes, above minimum altitudes, and clear of clouds and populated areas.

Competitive aerobatics is governed internationally by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) through the Commission Internationale de Voltige Aérienne (CIVA).